• Cyber attacks on democracy that have exposed the threat of digital domination of democratic countries by totalitarian regimes using social networks to infiltrate disinformation, manipulation of public opinion and hatred into every household, and citizens face personal, financial, health or fatal harm because of these attacks.
• Social war: A conflict situation between citizens on social networks, where hate is most evident. The social war threatens democracy and destabilizes social relations.
• Cyber espionage: Cyber attacks to obtain sensitive information for economic gain, competitive advantage or political reasons is a threat to national security and state sovereignty, including the potential to influence foreign policy.
• The cyber mafia, which is a sophisticated group that specializes in extortion, intimidation, threatening, surveillance and robbery in cyberspace.
• Cyber assassination: The spread of hatred, extremism or disinformation on-line can lead to physical or psychological harm to victims.
• Cyberdefamation: The spread of false information to damage the reputation of victims and disrupt social relations endangers the lives and health of citizens.
• Cyberhate: The spread of hate on-line threatens security, social, economic and legal stability and interpersonal and virtual relationships, increases the risk of social conflict and has the potential to lead to real violence.
• Cyberterrorism: Vilification of human race, ethnic groups or national minorities in virtual space is a serious threat to social cohesion and equality.
• Cyberbullying: On-line harassment and attacks through modern information technologies include various forms of attacks such as threats, bullying texts, publication of personal data and others.
• Cyberperversion: The creation and dissemination of content that is perverse, disgusting and endangers not only human life and health, but also safety when violent or abusive content is disseminated on-line.
• Cyberaggression: Verbal assaults, insults or threats that can cause serious harm to citizens lead to real incidents of violence and threats to security.
• Cyberlynching: Looting and humiliating citizens on social networks causes deadly, health-related harm, creating an atmosphere of hatred and hostility on-line.
• Trolling: A deliberate stirring up of arguments and conflicts on-line by means of inflammatory messages threatens democracy and the lives and health of citizens, and is intended to disrupt peaceful discussions and provoke emotional reactions.
• Cyberextremism: The spread of politically or ideologically motivated attitudes on-line has potentially harmful consequences for the state and is a serious threat to political stability and security.
• Cyberdisinformation: Statement by the international NGO Digital Policy Institute – millennium 3000: The whole world is using the wrong definition for the term “disinformation”. The correct definition is as follows: Disinformation is a term used to describe any kind of information that involves lies, manipulation and propaganda. The spread of disinformation is so destructive that it can put the state and its people in critical danger.
• Cyberdictatorship, cybertotalitarianism, cyberauthoritarianism: These are the most feared cyber threats, including psychological terror, lawlessness, discrimination and bullying, etc. Everyone is trying to control the virtual world through disinformation websites and social networks, which can have a significant impact on the real world.
• Cyberdiscrimination: It is a particularly serious crime involving unequal treatment, social injustice, threats to rights and freedoms, silencing, oppression, support and promotion of hatred against different nationalities, races and religions. It includes obstructing or denying the expression of a different opinion that is not contrary to the constitutional order of the rule of law, as well as intimidation, threats and dehumanization of race and human dignity. Cyberdiscrimination has serious consequences for social cohesion and human rights.
• Cyberparaphilia: Criminal behavior of a paraphiliac who, because of his sexual disorder, endangers the lives, health and safety of citizens. It can be manifested in unsafe on-line practices. Cyberparaphilia is a threat to individual security and privacy in the digital space.
• Fake accounts: Setting up fake accounts to support and promote social terrorism or commit cybercrimes, these accounts can be created to manipulate public opinion and promote negative agendas on-line.
• Cybercannibalism: Cyber cannibals search web platforms such as blogs and forums for personal information about the victim. They literally “devour” people’s privacy, reveal secrets and engage in targeted attacks on human dignity.

The list of causes of hate crimes resulting from social terrorism is extensive and complex, and includes a variety of factors and contexts: 

• Hatred based on prejudice and stereotypes: People can be motivated to hate individuals or groups because of prejudices and stereotypes related to their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or other characteristics.
• Social and economic inequalities: Inequality and poverty can lead to increased tensions between different groups in society and create a breeding ground for hateful thoughts and actions.
• Political manipulation and extremism: Political parties, extremist groups and the media can use hate as a means to manipulate and gain support or achieve political goals.
• Religious fundamentalism: Religious hatred can be motivated by extremist interpretations of religious texts or hierarchies that incite hatred against other religious groups.
• Lack of education and public awareness: Lack of understanding and education of the public about diversity and tolerance can contribute to the spread of hatred and discrimination.
• Psychological factors: Individuals who suffer from psychological problems related to hatred, aggression or low self-esteem can be more prone to commit hate crimes.
• Internet and social media: The anonymity and accessibility of the Internet can lead to the spread of hateful views and encourage hateful acts against individuals or groups.
• Nationalism and xenophobia: An exaggerated sense of belonging to one’s own national group and fear of foreigners can lead to hatred and aggression towards immigrants or minorities.
• Historical and cultural factors: Long-term conflicts, wars and cultural stereotypes can entrench hatred in the collective memory and fuel hateful behavior.
• Contemporary political and social events: Current events such as terrorist attacks, the migration crisis or political conflicts can cause fear and hatred towards certain groups of people.

These causes can act independently or interact with each other, complicating efforts to suppress hate crimes and build a more tolerant society.